// this file is copyright - Mike Capstick
 // it adds the quiz questions and answers 
 // load  arrays with a set of questions and  answers 
 title='Cell Biology';
 questions=new Array();
 questions[1] ='A non-polar molecule is typically:~hydrophilic~hydrophobic and hydrophilic~hydrophobic~soluble in water~a carbohydrate or  protein~C~1~1~Non-polar molecules are typically soluble in organic solvents like alcohol.~';
 questions[2] ='Cholesterol is classified as a:~lipid~carbohydrate~steroid~steroid and a lipid~carbohydrate and a steroid~D~2~1~Cholesterol is a non-polar,carbon-ringed molecule which cannot be easily hydrolysed in the human body.~';
 questions[3] ='The atomic symbol for sodium is:~S~So~N~Na~K~D~1~1~Atomic symbols are sometimes derived from Greek words.~';
 questions[4] ='The most common anion in human extracellular fluids is:~sodium~potassium~oxygen~chlorine~hydrogen~D~2~1~An anion is a negatively charged ion.~';
 questions[5] ='Electrolytes, like sodium and potassium are important in the human body because they:~are the major controllers of acid-base balance~transport non-polar molecules into and out of cells~enable electrical currents to be created across cell membranes~are found in high concentrations in all cells~provide cushioning and insulating properties to cells~C~3~1~Electrolytes are charged ions which can be transported across a cell membrane to change the charge inside and outside of the cell.~';
 questions[6] ='Which of the following statements about potassium is TRUE?~Potassium is known by the atomic symbol Na and forms a cation in solution.~K is the atomic symbol for potassium and it is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid.~Most of the potassium in the human body is found outside of the cells.~The sodium-potassium pump passively transports potassium across cell membranes.~Potassium is an electrolyte which freely moves across all human cell membranes at all times.~B~4~1~Potassium ion movement across cell membranes is essential for normal muscle and nerve cell function.~';
 questions[7] ='ATP is the energy currency of the cell and is mainly produced in the:~mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell~cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells~cell membrane proteins~prokaryotic nucleoid~rough endoplasmic reticulum of a human cell~A~1~1~ATP is produced mainly by aerobic metabolism in a eukaryotic cell.~';
 questions[8] ='Actin and myosin in muscle cells are best classified as:~transport proteins~enzymes~immune proteins~structural proteins~movement proteins~E~1~1~Actin and myosin are protein filaments which function in muscle contraction.~';
 questions[9] ='Which of the following cellular features are specifically found in a skeletal muscle cell?~multiple nuclei~multiple mitochondria~multiple mitochondria and nuclei~few mitochondria and multiple lysosomes~no nuclei but multiple mitochondria~C~2~1~Skeletal muscle cells are long fibres which contain many cell organelles to fulfil the large protein and energy requirements of the cell.~';
 questions[10] ='A hormone, like insulin, is an example of a:~transport protein~messenger protein~catalytic protein~carrier protein~buffer protein~B~1~1~Hormones are usually released by one group of cells to act on another group of cells~';
 questions[11] ='A hormone secreting cell would be expected to have a large number of:~vacuoles in its cytoplasm~Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles distributed throughout its cytoplasm~nuclei and nucleoids~DNA molecules in its nucleus and mitochondria~lysosomes~B~2~1~Hormones are often released from a cell via exocytosis.~';
 questions[12] ='A hormone that is steroid based can:~passively cross the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane~only enter a cell through a specialised protein pump~move in and out of cells by facilitated diffusion~use ATP to cross any part of a cell membrane~never enter a human cell~A~3~1~Steroids are non-polar lipids.~';
 questions[13] ='The rough endoplasmic reticulum~is found only in liver cells and is involved in lipid and protein synthesis~is a spherical vesicle containing a double membrane~contains microfilaments responsible for protein secretion~is found in all cells from plant, animal and human origin~is always closely associated with the nucleus of a cell~E~1~1~Feedback: The RER and the nucleus are thought to have evolved simultaneously in ancient cells. Because of the physical membranous connection, the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and the space between the layers of the nuclear envelope are a single compartment. This allows the nucleus direct access to proteins and other materials present in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. This means that transport vesicles are not required to obtain these materials. The close association between the RER and the nucleus allows these two organelles to share iproducts in an efficient way.~';
 questions[14] ='Diffusion is~an active movement of solute down a concentration gradient~a passive movement of solute down a concentration gradient~a passive movement of solute up a concentration gradient~the movement of water up or down a solute concentration gradient~an active movement of solute up a concentration gradient~B~1~1~Diffusion is a process which does not require the input of energy~';
 questions[15] ='Under the microscope an organism is noted to be multicellular and its cells contain cell walls, a single nucleus, ribosomes and Golgi bodies. This organism is most likely a/an~plant~animal~bacterium~virus~prion~A~1~1~The presence of a cell wall and a nucleus help you to eliminate possibilities.~';
 questions[16] ='The smallest living units in the human body are the~elements~subatomic particles~ions~cell organelles~cells~E~1~1~The definition of the word living is important here. ~';
 questions[17] ='To adjust the focus of a specimen under a compound light microscope using a X40 objective lens you should adjust the~condensor~fine focus~coarse focus~iris diaphragm~graticule~B~1~1~The x40 is a long lens, which, when rotated, almost touches the specimen on the stage of the microscope.~';
 questions[18] ='Sperm cells swim through extracellular fluid (ECF) using~cilia~pili~flagella~villi~vesicles~C~1~1~The choice is between the cilia and the flagella, as both are structures which cause movement.  One moves ECF over the surface of the structure to which it is attached.  The other propels the actual structure.~';
 questions[19] ='A Na+ ion moves from an ECF with a low Na+ concentration into a cell containing a high Na+ concentration via~facilitated diffusion~simple diffusion~osmosis~passive transport~active transport~E~2~1~The sodium ion is moving from a lower level of concentration to a higher level of solute concentration.  This requires energy.~';
 questions[20] ='Meiosis occurs in eukaryotic cells and~is used to produce all cells~is composed of two divisions resulting in the production of diploid cells~results in the production of unequal sized cells in oogenesis~meiosis 2 is a reduction division~meiosis is the process of one cell splitting into two cells~C~2~1~Understand the differences between mitosis and meiosis and the stages occuring in each process~';
 questions[21] ='Cytology is the study of~chemicals~cells~tissues~microbes~plants~B~1~1~Break the word into smaller parts. Cyte = cell. Ology or logy = a field of study. ~';
 questions[22] ='Which of the following is not found in a typical eukaryotic cell?~nucleolus~nuclear envelope~nucleoid~nucleus~nuclear pore~C~1~1~Typical eukaryotic cells have the genetic material encased in a nucleus.  Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, have no nucleus.  The genetic material is found in the cytosol in an area called the nucleoid.~';
 questions[23] ='A glycoprotein is composed of protein and~carbohydrate~lipid~DNA~RNA~amino acids~A~1~1~Gluco means sugar.  Sugars are carbohydrates.  ~';
 questions[24] ='Peptide bonds are found in~monosaccharides~proteins~lipids~nucleic acids~polysaccharides~B~1~1~Peptide bonds are the chemical bond which forms between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of neighboring amino acids. They are the primary linkage of all protein structures.~';
 questions[25] ='A carbohydrate molecule is made up of~carbon, hydrogen and oxygen~carbon, oxygen and nitrogen~carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus~carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen~carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen~A~1~1~The basic structure of a carbohydrate is CHO in the ratio of 1:2:1. Nitrogen is found in protein matter.~';
 questions[26] ='The storage form of carbohydrate found in human liver cells is~starch~glycogen~glucose~glucagon~glycerol~B~1~1~Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch in plants. It can also be found in muscle.  It is a polysaccharide formed by linking numerous glucose (monosaccharide) molecules together.~';
 questions[27] ='The most important high-energy compound found in the human body is~DNA~RNA~ATP~glucose~ADP~C~1~1~Adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a nucleotide and is the universal energy currency for metabolic processes.~';
 questions[28] ='Proteins differ from carbohydrates in that they~are not energy nutrients~do not contain carbon~are inorganic compounds~always contain nitrogen~do not contain hydrogen~D~1~1~Proteins are large organic molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order. They contain amino (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups. They build up most of the structure of cells and are one of the three major sources of calories in the diet.~';
 questions[29] ='Steroids are~lipids~carbohydrates~nucleic acids~glycoproteins~proteins~A~1~1~In general, steroids are saturated hydrocarbons containing seventeen carbon atoms in a system of rings. They are a derivative of sterols.  Cholesterol is one of the common sterols in human tissue and it gets remodelled into compounds which include steroids. Sex hormones are an example of a steroid.~';
 questions[30] ='The light microscope~projects an electron beam onto the specimen~can magnify images up to 100,000 times~enables all cell organelles to be viewed in a eukaryotic cell~has a condensor which controls the resolution of the image~has oil immersion lenses which allow a total magnification of x40 the size of the object being viewed~D~2~1~The maximum magnification of a light microscope is usually up to x1500.  It uses light beams. The oil immersion lens is generally approx. x100, which together with the ocular lens (x10), allows a total magnification of x1000.~';