// copyright mike capstick
// do not edit this file directly
// load arrays with a set of questions and answers
gametitle='Microbiology';
questions=new Array();
questions[1]='Sperm cells swim through extracellular fluid (ECF) using
~cilia~pili~flagella~villi~vesicles~C~1~3~The choice is between the cilia and the flagella, as both are structures which cause movement. One moves ECF over the surface of the structure to which it is attached. The other propels the actual structure.~cb1104';
questions[2]='The light microscope
~projects an electron beam onto the specimen~can magnify images up to 100,000 times~enables all cell organelles to be viewed in a eukaryotic cell~has a condensor which controls the resolution of the image~has oil immersion lenses which allow a total magnification of x40 the size of the object being viewed~D~2~3~The maximum magnification of a light microscope is usually up to x1500. It uses light beams. The oil immersion lens is generally approx. x100, which together with the ocular lens (x10), allows a total magnification of x1000.~cb115|cb117|cb192';
questions[3] ='Group/s of Microorganisms whose cell type is prokaryotic include~viruses~bacteria and viruses~protozoa, fungi and algae~bacteria~protozoa~D~1~3~Prokaryotic cells are relatively simple in structure with no nucleus. Viruses are not cells.~';
questions[4]='Structures that help bacteria attach to surfaces include ~fimbria and ribosomes~fimbria and flagella~fimbria and pili~fimbria and endospores~fimbria and exospores~C~1~3~Fimbria and pili are structures on the outside of bacteria which allow them to attach to other bacteria or other surfaces such as cells.~cb1104';
questions[5]='The magnification using a light microscope that best allows you to view bacteria such as E.coli is
~x10~x20~x40~x400~x1000~E~1~3~Oil immersion lenses are used and their magnification is x100. The ocular lens is x10. The total magnification is therefore x1000.~';
questions[6] ='Which of the following statements is NOT true.~Prokaryotic cells have a defined nucleus~Prokaryotic cells are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells~Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane~Human eukaryotic cells do not have a cell wall~Ribosomes contain both large and small subunits~A~1~3~The DNA of a prokaryote is free in the cytoplasm.~cb121';
questions[7] ='Which of the following is not a living organism?~bacterium~virus~yeast~fungus~protozoan~B~1~3~A living organism must have the capacity to reproduce by binary fission without using cellular machinery from another living organism.~';
questions[8] ='The discovery of which of the following was necessary to see bacteria?~Gram stain~laser beams~electricity~microscopes~magnifying glass~D~1~3~Most bacteria need to be magnified by approx. 1000 to be visible.~cb115|cb117|cb192';
questions[9] ='Work on malaria and yellow fever showed that some diseases are transmitted by~rats~fleas~birds~flies~mosquitoes~E~1~3~The Anopheles mosquito transmits malaria. ~';
questions[10] ='Which of the following combinations are all Notifiable Diseases in Australia?~Tuberculosis,Yellow Fever,Thrush~Tuberculosis, Hepatitis A, Tinea~Anthrax, Mumps, Leprosy~Chicken Pox, Diphtheria, Brucellosis~Chicken Pox, Diphtheria, Hepatitis A~C~2~3~Notifiable Diseases can vary from state to state (adding extra diseases) but must include all of the Australian guidelines.~';
questions[11] ='The decline in the incidence of Measles, Mumps, Rubella has been due to~the use of vaccines~the development of antibiotics~the development of many new broad spectrum antibioics~the chlorination of the water supply~the development of new antifungal therapies~A~2~3~Measles, Mumps and Rubella are diseases caused by viruses. Antibiotics have no effect on a virus.~';
questions[12] ='Zoonoses are diseases which humans catch from~soil~food~water~animals~air~D~1~3~Zoon is a Greek word for animal.~';
questions[13]='Which of the following people is more likely to become a victim of Legionnaire\'s Disease?
~female in her 50\'s with lung disease~male in his 50\'s with lung disease~males in their 20\'s in the army~females in their 20\'s in the army~females of any age who smoke~B~2~3~Legionnaire\'s Disease gained its name from a convention of Legionnaires in America, many of whom were in their 50\'s and who smoked. These were the cohort of people at the convention who developed the disease.~';
questions[14] ='There is no vaccine for the common cold because it is caused by~many different bacteria~one bacterium that continually mutates~many different viruses~one virus that continually mutates~a combination of viruses and bacteria~C~2~3~Colds are caused by many different viruses such as the Coronavirus, Rhinovirus, Parinfluenzae etc. You can get a secondary bacterial respiratory infection after contracting a cold, but the bacterial infection is not classified as a cold.~';
questions[15]='50% of people infected with the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea, usually also have an infection with which other sexually transmitted infection?
~chlamydia~syphilis~herpes~thrush~syphilis and herpes~A~2~3~Patients diagnosed with either gonorrhoea or chlamydia receive treatment for both.~';
questions[16] ='Which of the following groups are all sexually transmitted infections?~Human Papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, H.I.V~Human Papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, Brucellosis~Human Papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, Streptococcus pyogenes~Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, H.I.V~Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Gonorrhoea~A~2~3~Tuberculosis is a respiratory disease. Brucellosis is a zoonosis. Streptococcus pyogenes causes respiratory and skin infections.~';
questions[17]='Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is also known as
~scrapie~Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease~kuru~mad cow disease~meningitis~D~1~3~This disease name is a description of the mechanical vehicle, the damage and the location of the disease.~';
questions[18] ='Mad cow disease is thought to be caused by~an abnormal form of a cell protein called a prion~a mutation of the measles virus~a multi-resistant bacterium caused by overtreatment with antibiotics~exposure to genetically modified grain feed~a multi-resistant fungus caused by overtreatment with antimycotics~A~1~3~Prions are a class of mutated proteins found in many animals and humans. A specific prion causes mad cow disease.~';
questions[19] ='Botulism is a form of food poisoning which initially affects the~renal system~cardiovascular system~lymphatic system~nervous system~gastrointestinal system~D~1~3~Botulism is caused by a bacterial neurotoxin which affects the nervous system causing paralysis.~';
questions[20] ='Generalised paralysis, muscle spasms, hydrophobia, hypersalivation, aerophobia, confusion, hacullinations are symptoms suggestive of~leprosy~polio~rabies~tetanus~overstudying~C~2~3~Rabies is a viral disease. It was sometimes called hdrophobia. It is a zoonosis that causes acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).~';
questions[21]='In microbiology,the method of diagnosis of antigen-antibody reactions is called
~cytology~microbiology~antigenology~serology~immunology~D~2~3~Serology is laboratory testing for antibody-antigen reactions and antibody levels to determine infection status.~';
questions[22]='Bacteria multiply by mitosis or division. If a bacterium doubles itself every 20 minutes, and you start with 2 bacteria at time zero, how many would there be after 3 hours ~4~16~64~1024~512~E~2~3~How long before you have one million? E.coli doubles itself every 20 minutes. Look up the generation time for the TB bacillus. It is much slower. Have a think about the implications of this in relation to growing cultures of these microbes on agar plates. Which one would take the longest to become visible as colonies on an agar plate?~';
questions[23]='Some bacteria can survive long periods of time without food, warmth and moisture. This is because they can produce
~spores~flagella~cilia~capsules~toxins~A~1~3~Spores can survive for hundreds of years and then given the right conditions of moisture, heat and food, can regenerate into viable bacteria or fungi.~';
questions[24]='Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete shaped bacterium which causes
~tinea~taenia~rickets~syphilis~gonorrhoea~D~1~3~Tinea is a fungal infection. Taenia is a worm infestation. Check the rest out in your text book.~';
questions[25]='Meningococcal meningitis is caused by a bacterium named
~Neisseria meningitidis~Neisseria meningococcus~Neisseria meningobacterium~Meningus neisseriococcus~Neisseria meningitis~A~1~3~Genus is Neisseria. Species is meningitidis. Disease is meningococcal meningitis.~';
questions[26]='The most common microbe causing urinary tract infection is
~Salmonella~E.coli~Shigella~Staphylococcus~Neisseria~B~1~3~E.coli is the most common pathogen of UTI. It is normal flora in the bowel. Look up all of the other microbes to see which infections they cause.~';
questions[27] ='H.I.V. stands for ~Human Immunodeficient virus~Human Immune virus~Human Immuno virus~Hepatitis D virus~Human Immunodeficiency virus~E~1~3~Human Immunodeficieny virus - describes the host, the effect on the host and the type of microbe (virus).~';
questions[28] ='Otitis media is infection of the~middle ear~outer ear~throat~inner ear~ear and eye~A~1~3~otitis: relating to the ear ; media: middle.~';
questions[29] ='A Nosocomial Infection is one which is acquired~by schoolchildren spreading nasal secretions~by being in a coma~from another person\'s nose~during a stay in hospital~before being admitted to hospital~D~1~3~Nosus is an old Greek word meaning disease and komeion means to take care of. Hence , should apply to any disease contracted by a patient while under medical care, but has come to be specifically applied to a disease contracted whilst an inpatient in a hospital.~';
questions[30]='The cultivated growth following inoculation of any nutrient media is called a
~culture~plate~colony~petri~dish~A~1~3~A culture represents millions of bacteria having grown on the surface of a nutrient medium such as blood agar. They are visible simply due to the number of mitotic divisions they have undergone. Usually takes a minimum of 12 hours to see a visible culture of a fast dividing bacterium such as E.coli.~';
questions[31] ='This isolation technique relies upon dragging material across a surface to disperse cells of a specimen~lawn plate~streak plate~pour plate~broth dilution~fractionation plate~B~1~3~Streak plates are designed to give separate colonies of microbes to be used for further identifcation and antibiotic sensitivity tests.~';
questions[32]='In order to perceive a bacterium macroscopically, a cell must first be
~sterilized~colored~enlarged~multiplied~stained~D~1~3~Macroscopically means with the naked eye. Only by multiplication, the production of millions of copies of the microbe, can they be seen without using a microscope.~';
questions[33] ='This selective medium can isolate fungi because the acid pH of 5.6 inhibits most extraneous bacteria~MacConkey agar~Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar~Lowenstein-Jensen aga~Sabouraud\'s agar~Blood agar~D~4~3~Sabouraud\'s agar has an acid pH. Most bacteria will not grow under these pH conditions.~';
questions[34]='The chief purpose of incubation is to
~isolate pathogens~arrest fermentation~stain subcultures~kill the microbe~promote multiplication~E~3~3~Incubation allows the microbe to multiply by mitosis at an optimum rate and thus become visible with the naked eye.~';
questions[35]='The ability to discriminate between neighboring objects as separate entities when viewed under a microscope is a definition of
~magnifying power~resolving power~virtual imagery~real imagery~obscure imagery~B~2~3~Resolving power is also know as resolution.~';
questions[36] ='Which of the following would normally be found in pasteurized beer or wine, the other items in this list are contaminants?~ova of insects~yeasts~protozoa~enteric bacteria~E.coli~B~1~3~Yeasts initiate the fermentation process.~';
questions[37] ='Despite the existence of extremely effective liquid filters, it is still not feasible to remove~endospores~enveloped viruses~naked viruses~dissolved toxins~bacteria~D~2~3~Toxins are chemical products produced by microbes. The clue to this question is the size of each of the choices.~';
questions[38]='The original version of penicillin is which of the following? All the rest are semisynthetic derivatives.
~penicillin G~cephalosporin~penicillin V~methicillin~penicillium~A~1~3~Penicillin G was originally isolated and purified from the Penicillium fungus.~';
questions[39] ='A protein substance which helps to prevent viral infection of cells is:~complement~interferon~lysosyme~histamine~interleukin-1~B~1~3~This is a protein released by a virus-infected cell to help protect neighbouring cells fro viral infection.~';
questions[40] ='The redness and heat seen in an inflamed area of the body is directly related to:~the mobilisation of phagocytes to the area of infection~the stimulation of the hypothalamic control of thermoregulation~vasoconstriction~increased blood flow to the area~the production and release of complement and interferon~D~1~3~The circulatory system transports heat in the body.~';
questions[41] ='A practical measure to help stem the emergence of drug-resistant strains would be to ~invent new drugs~increase dosages~use antibiotics only when necessary~expand antimicrobial use~always use the srongest antibiotic~C~2~3~Antibiotics should usually only be given after laboratory confirmation of infection.~';
questions[42] ='In initial contact with microbes, which condition indicates that establishment and multiplication has occurred? ~colonisation~allergy~contamination~rash~vomiting~A~2~3~In order to produce infection in the body, microbes must first colonise cells. ~';
questions[43] ='Benign yeasts, bacteria, or protozoa colonizing normally accessible body surfaces establishes~parasites~contaminants~opportunists~pathogens~normal flora~E~2~3~Your body is protected by collections of normally benign micobes in places such as skin, mouth, digestive tract. These are collectively called normal flora.~';
questions[44]='Normal flora are not found in/on the
~upper respiratory tract~intestines~ear canal~central nervous system~skin~D~1~3~The CNS is normally sterile. It contains no microbes. Infection of the CNS with microbes is called meningitis or encephalitis.~';
questions[45]='The yeast found in the oral mucosa that occasionally overgrows and causes thrush is
~ Penicillium~Malassezia~Candida~Rhodotorula~Mucor~C~1~3~Overgrowth by Candida species causes thrush in the oral and reproductive areas.~';
questions[46] ='Any property a microbe can use to promote infection is called a/an~antagonistic factor~virulence factor~receptor/ligand~predisposition element~infection molecule~B~2~3~Virulence factors include toxins and adherence.~';
questions[47]='A portal of entry is the preferred avenue through some anatomical barrier. In bacterial meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis must first breach the nasal mucosa then penetrate the
~skin~mucous membrane~blood-brain barrier~epithelium~normal flora~C~1~3~Tightly joined endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier form the blood brain barrier. These capillaries are the least permeable in the entire body. ~';
questions[48] ='Which suffix modifies an anatomical word to denote inflammation?~osis~itis~aemia~ology~oma~B~1~3~A suffix is at the end of a word. A prefix is at the start. Your text books often have a list of scientific pefixes and suffixes.~';
questions[49] ='Which level of isolation is necessary for severely immunocompromised patients?~strict isolation~enteric precautions~respiratory precautions~reverse isolation~blood precautions~D~2~3~Severely immunocompromised patients are is placed in reverse isolation, where the goal is to avoid introducing any microorganisms to the patient.~';
questions[50]='Nosocomial infections are caused mostly by
~fungi~bacteria~viruses~parasites~prions~B~1~3~Bacterial infections such as those caused by the microbes MRSA and Pseudomonas are the most common.~';
questions[51]='Carriers of Salmonella typhi most often carry the microbe in the
~liver~small intestine~nose~gall bladder~large intestine~D~2~3~S. typhi shows a high predilection for the gall-bladder, where infection tends to become chronic especially in individuals with a pathologic gall-bladder condition.~';
questions[52] ='Staphylococcal food poisoning is a~food intoxication~food infection~food parasite~food enhancer~food fungus~A~1~3~In staphylococcal food poisoning, the bacteria grows and forms its toxin in the food. You ingest the toxin which then causes the symptoms.~';
questions[53]='Administering drugs by injection is called
~oral therapy~parenteral therapy~topical therapy~painful therapy~secondary therapy~B~2~3~Compile a list of scientific terminology that relates to microbiology. Often text books will also have a glossary of specific terms. You can exclude a few of the options such as oral as this means by mouth.~';
questions[54] ='Which of the following is the single most important infection control procedure in a hospital?~wearing a mask~filtered air supply~gowns~using antibiotics~hand washing~E~1~3~Look up the statistics in your text book or on the web.~';
questions[55]='Which of the following groups represents organisms composed of eukaryotic cells?
~viruses and bacteria~yeasts, humans and protozoa~humans, fungi and viruses~plants, animals and bacteria~algae, cyanobacteria and molds~B~1~3~Bacteria are prokaryotes.~';
questions[56] ='Which one of the following people introduced the concept of antiseptic surgery?~Louis Pasteur~Jospeh Lister~Robert Koch~Blaise Pascal~Hippocrates~B~1~3~Joseph Lister also had a bacterium named after him. Listerella~';
questions[57] ='Immunity acquired as a result of infection is called~natural active immunity~artificial active immunity~natural passive immunity~artifical passive immunity~natural and artifical active immunity~A~2~3~The resistance to an infection acquired naturally as a result of exposure to the infectious agent eg., the flu or a cold~';
questions[58] ='Immunity acquired as a result of vaccination is called~natural active immunity~artificial active immunity~natural passive immunity~artifical passive immunity~active and artifical passive immunity~B~2~3~With vaccination, the source is artificial (as opposed to being exposed naturally to a flu virus), but the body must go through an active process to produce the specific antibody response.~';
questions[59]='Immunity acquired as a result of an injection of immune globin is called
~natural active immunity~artificial active immunity~natural passive immunity~active and artificial passive immunity~artificial passive immunity~E~2~3~Immune globulin gives short term protection. The body\'s immune system is not stimulated to produce antibodies.There is no active process in terms of antibody production taking place. There is no memory stored for later access.~';
questions[60] ='Which of the following is not a correct statement about passive immunity?~results from the transfer of pre-made antibodies~lasts only a short time~does not stimulate the immune system to make more antibodies~can involve the injection of immune globulin~results from the body\'s response to coming in contact with a microbe, such as the flu virus~E~5~3~With passive immunity, the immune system is not challenged to produce a result.~';
questions[61] ='The body\'s first line of defence against invasion by microbes is/are~skin and mucous membranes~T-cells~white blood cells~antibiotics~antibodies~A~3~3~The first lines of defence are usually barriers.~';
questions[62] ='Pyrogens are substances that produce~fever~pus~fluid~inflammation~water retention~A~2~3~pyr(o) = Greek for fire. pyo=pus producing.~';
questions[63] ='Molecules that facilitate specific adherence of bacteria with host tissue are called~receptors~junctions~adhesins~flagella~pili~C~3~3~Adhesins are substances which confer virulence on bacteria by enabling them to adhere to epithelial surfaces.~';
questions[64]='Which of the following is a method by which pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae avoid phagocytosis?
~production of spores~size of the bacterium~production of capsular material~congregation in long chains of cocci~production of flagella~C~5~3~The capsule of S. pyogenes is non antigenic since it is composed of hyaluronic acid, which is chemically similar to that of host connective tissue. This allows the bacterium to hide its own antigens and to go unrecognized as antigenic by its host.~';
questions[65] ='Which of the following refers to a widespread infection throughout the body?~intoxication~infestation~systemic infection~localised infection~invasiveness~C~4~3~Systemic means relating to, or affecting, the body as a whole (rather than just one specific organ or part).~';
questions[66] ='When neonatal meningitis is caused by streptococci, they usually are~ Streptococcus pyogenes (or Group A strep)~Streptococcus agalactiae (or Group B strep)~Streptococcus pneumoniae ~ Streptococcus sanguis~Streptococcus mutans ~B~5~3~Streptococcus agalactiae (or Group B strep) is sometimes part of the normal vaginal flora. Ruptured membranes of contamination of the baby during birth can lead to Group B Strep meningitis.~';
questions[67] ='Phagocytosis does not involve~neutrophils~break down of dead tissue cells and removal of cellular debris~ingestion and destruction of bacteria~macrophages~baroreceptor~E~3~3~Phagocytosis involves the cellular process of endocytosis. Of bringing material into the white blood cell through the cell membrane in a vesicle.~';
questions[68]='Which of the following can not be seen using a light microscope?
~bacteria~viruses~fungi~protozoa~algae~B~1~3~Viruses need magnification greater than x1500 which is the maximum resolution of a light microscope.~';
questions[69] ='Which of the following cannot be seen using a light microscope?~E.coli~ Candida albicans~ Penicillium spp.~ Giardia lamblia~influenza virus~E~2~3~The influenza virus needs a magnification of approx. x100,000. The light microscope maximum is x1500.~';
questions[70] ='Which of the following is the smallest in size?~bacteria~viruses~fungi~protozoa~algae~B~1~3~Viruses are measured in nanometres. All the others are measured in microns or millimetres.~';
questions[71] ='Which of the following infections is caused by a virus?~Legionnaire\'s Disease~diphtheria~meningococcal meningitis~glandular fever~gonorrhoea~D~2~3~Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein Barr virus. The others are all bacterial infections.~';
questions[72] ='Glandular fever is caused by~Staphylococcus aureus~Streptococcus pneumoniae~Epstein-Barr virus~Candida albicans~Influenza virus~C~3~3~Glandular fever is a viral disease.~';
questions[73] ='Legionnaire\'s Disease is caused by a~virus~bacterium~fungus~protozoa~prion~B~2~3~Legionnaire\'s Disease is caused by a bacterium. It is a bacterial disease.~';
questions[74] ='Which of the following is the name for unicellular fungi?~moulds~hyphae~mycelia~yeasts~algae~D~2~3~Yeasts are a group of unicellular (one celled) fungi. An example is Candida spp.~';
questions[75]='An example of a yeast is
~E.coli~Candida albicans~measles virus~Giardia lamblia~Penicillium sp.~B~2~3~Yeasts are unicellular organisms, usually considered to be fungi. They can be demonstrated in a Gram stain where they appear as purple/blue large oval shaped cells. They are not called Gram positive.~';
questions[76] ='Giardia lamblia is an example of a~yeast~protozoa~bacterium~virus~prion~B~2~3~Giardia lamblia is a protozoan which is found in water and animal faeces and which can cause gastroenteritis in humans. It is one of the few non-bacterial microbes which can be treated with an antibiotic - Flagyl.~';
questions[77] ='Which of the following group of microorganisms require oxygen?~anaerobic bacteria~microaerophilic bacteria~methanophilic bacteria~sulphophilic bacteria~aerobic bacteria~E~1~3~Aerobic bacteria require oxygen. The prefix, a or an, indicates a lack of something. Anaerobic means lack of oxygen.~';
questions[78] ='Which of the following stains is used to distinguish cells on the basis of the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls?~acid-fast stain~endospore stain~indian ink stain~Gram stain~lactophenol cotton blue stain~D~3~3~The Gram stain is the basic stain for bacteria. Bacteria which have large amounts of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, stain purple. Bacteria that have no, or minimal amounts of, peptidoglycan in their cell walls, stain pink.~';
questions[79] ='Strains are microbes with slight variations which are found within the same~Family~Order~Species~Sub order~Genus~C~3~3~These strains are sometimes called subspecies. They differ in their antigenic component. One difference might be the substitution of a different glycolipid or carbohydrate or portein structure on the outside of the cell wall or membrane.~';
questions[80] ='The property that allows some types of bacteria to form long chains of cells allows for which type of classification?~metabolic~biochemical~serological~morphological~thermophilic~D~3~3~Morphology refers to shape, size and arrangement. Chains of cells is an arrangment pattern.~';
questions[81]='Morphology is the study of
~size, shape and arrangement~biochemical activity~metabolic activity~antigenic composition~toxin production~A~2~3~Morphology is the study of the form and structure of organisms~';
questions[82] ='Which microbe causes boils, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome and post operative wound infections, occurs as normal flora in the nasopharynx and is becoming resistant to most of the antibiotics?~E.coli~H.I.V.~Staphylococcus aureus~TB bacillus~ Pseudomonas aeruginosa~C~4~3~Staphylococcus aureus in its most resistan form is known as MRSA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. There are now strains known as VRSA. Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.~';
questions[83] ='Which of the following is implicated in the cause of peptic ulcers?~Staphylococcus aureus~E.coli~Candida albicans~Helicobacter pylori~Pseudomonas aeruginosa~D~5~3~Helicobacter pylori is a small gram negative bacillus discovered as the causative agent of peptic ulcers by a Western Australian doctor and scientist. He and his coworker received the Nobel prize for this discovery.~';
questions[84] ='Which of the following is ringworm of the scalp?~tinea unginum~tinea corporis~tinea cruris~tinea capitis~tinea pedis~D~2~3~Tinea means fungal infection. Capitis means on the scalp.~';
questions[85] ='Tinea is an infection caused by~fungi~bacteria~viruses~parasites~prions~A~2~3~Tinea is a fungal infection. Not to be confused with Taenia which is a tapeworm.~';
questions[86] ='Another name for tinea is~hookworm~tapeworm~erysipelis~scalded skin syndrome~ringworm~E~2~3~Ringwworm is a common name for a fungal infection of the skin. It was called ringworm, because the lesions become circular and raised, and have the appearance of a worm just below the surface of the skin.~';
questions[87] ='Which of the following is used in the production of alcoholic beverages?~Staphylococcus aureus~E.coli~Saccharomyces cerevisiae~Candida albicans~Pseudomonas aeruginosa~C~3~3~Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in the production of beer.~';
questions[88] ='Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used in the production of alcohol, is a~bacterium~virus~prion~yeast~fungus~D~2~3~This microbe is a yeast which is a special type of fungus. MCQ require the MOST correct answer. ~';
questions[89] ='Which of the following relationships is beneficial to one of the parties and does not affect the other?~parasitism~commensalism~mutualism~symbiotism~dimorphism~B~5~3~Commensalism is a type of symbiotic association bewteen two organisms (such as man and bacteria) in which one benefits without harming the other. ~';
questions[90] ='Cold sores are caused by~Staphylococcus aureus~ Candida albicans~ Escherichia coli~ Borrelia bergdorferi~Herpes simplex~E~2~3~Cold sores are caused by a Herpes virus. The virus can stay dormant in nerve ganglia in the human body and re-appear when the body is under stress. Why doesn\'t the body build up a specific antibody response to this virus?~';
questions[91] ='Enterotoxins affect cells in the~respiratory tract~nervous system~genitourinary tract~cardiovascular sytem~gastrointestinal tract~E~1~3~Entero is a prefix meaning intestinal.~';
questions[92] ='Typhoid fever is caused by a species of~Campylobacter ~Salmonella ~ Escherichia~ Vibrio~Shigella ~B~2~3~All the above genera cause gastrointestinal illness but Salmonella typhi sepcifically causes typhoid fever.~';
questions[93] ='Which of the following is considered an enteric organism?~Escherichia coli ~ Haemophilus influenzae~ Mycobacterium tuberculosis~ Staphylococcus aureus~Streptococcus pyogenes ~A~3~3~An enteric organism is one which inhabits the intestine. Escherichia coli is part of the normal flora of the bowel. Certain strains of Escherichia coli can cause intestinal infection. These strains produce toxins which harm the integrity of the bowel.~';
questions[94] ='It would be necessary to use a tuberculocidal agent to kill which of the following~ Clostridium~ Mycobacterium~ Pseudomonas~Staphylococci~Streptococcus ~B~3~3~ Mycobacterium species cause tuberculosis. Why isn\'t the word Staphylococci written in italics? Is this a genus name like the other options?~';
questions[95] ='Most prokaryotes reproduce by~binary fission~budding~gamete production~spore production~meiosis~A~1~3~Prokaryotic cells use mitosis or binary fission to produce an exact copy of themselves. ~';
questions[96] ='Which of the following organisms cannot be grown in laboratory cultures?~ Treponema pallidum~Streptococcus pyogenes ~ Salmonella enteritidis~ Mycobacterium tuberculosis~Candida albicans ~A~3~3~ Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis, cannot be grown artificially. Laboratory diagnosis is made by using a special type of microscopy called Dark Ground illumination or by serology tests.~';
questions[97] ='Which of the following was the first penicillin produced?~oxacillin~ampicillin~methicillin~penicillin G~penicillin V~D~5~3~Benzylpenicillin, commonly known as penicillin G was the first penicillin produced.~';
questions[98]='Which of the following best describes Bacillus anthracis? ~Gram positive cocci~Gram negative cocci~Gram positive bacilli~Gram negative bacilli~Gram positive bacilli which can produce spores~E~1~3~Bacillus anthracis, which cause the disease anthrax, is a Gram positive bacillus which can produce spores. The production of spores, a survival mechanism in harsh conditions for microbes, is one of the reasons this bacterium is used as microbiological weapon of bioterror.~';
questions[99] ='What is the significance of the finding of large numbers of coliform bacteria in a water source?~sign of high salt content~sign of faecal contamination~indication that there also are many amoeba~nothing, this is normal~sign of algal bloom~B~4~3~Coliform bacteria, such as E.coli, are used to indicate faecal contamination of water.~';
questions[100] ='Which of the following might be a \'coliform\' bacterium?~Gram negative coccus~Gram positive bacillus~Gram negative bacillus~Budding yeast cell~Prion~C~2~3~Coliform bacteria are a special group of Gram negative bacilli and are the commonly-used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality of foods and water. They are defined as rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming bacilli which ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35-37°C. ~';
questions[101] ='Which of the following describes Candida albicans?~Gram positive cocci in clusters~Gram positive cocci in chains~acid-fast rods~Gram positive bacillus with spores~Yeast~E~2~3~Candida albicans is a yeast which, when Gram stained and viewed microscopically, shows yeast cells (large round to oval purple cells).~';
questions[102] ='Which of the following describes Candida albicans?~Gram positive cocci in clusters~Gram positive cocci in chains~acid-fast rods~Gram positive bacillus with spores~Yeast~E~2~3~Candida albicans is a yeast which, when Gram stained and viewed microscopically, shows yeast cells (large round to oval purple cells).~';
questions[103] ='Dental plaque is an example of a~colony~inflammatory focus~biofilm~healthy reaction to sugar~pathogenic overgrowth~C~1~3~The plaque that forms on your teeth and causes tooth decay is a type of bacterial biofilm. Biofilm forms when bacteria adhere to surfaces in aqueous environments and begin to excrete a slimy, glue-like substance that anchors them to teeth.~';
questions[104] ='Anaerobes that cannot survive in air are called~bipartisan~independent~dependent~obligate~facultative~D~2~3~An anaerobic organism is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth and may even die in its presence. Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen. Obligate (strict) anaerobes die in presence of oxygen due to the absence of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase which would convert the lethal superoxide formed in their cells due to the presence of oxygen. ~';
questions[105] ='This organism causes AAC (antibiotic-associated colitis)~ Clostridium perfringens~ Streptococcus pyogenes~Clostridium difficile~ Bacteroides fragilis~ Clostridium tetani~C~3~3~Clostridium difficile is the most significant cause of pseudomembranous colitis which is a severe infection of the colon. It is normally found in small numbers in your gut. Overgrowth often occurs after normal gut flora is eradicated by the use of antibiotics. Treatment is by stopping any antibiotics and commencing a specific anticlostridial antibiotic, e.g. metronidazole.~';
questions[106] ='What colour are Gram negative organisms when visualized by using a light microscope?~pink~green~yellow~brown~purple~A~1~3~Gram negative organisms have very little peptidoglycan in the cell wall and therefore cannot retain the purple stain Crystal Violet.~';
questions[107]='How many chromosomes does a bacterium usually have? ~1~4~23~46~92~A~3~3~Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic cells. Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome.
~';
questions[108] ='Fungi that live on the skin and degrade keratin for nutrients are called~keratinophytes~dimorphic~dipicolinic~yeasts~dermatophytes~E~4~3~A dermatophyte is a parasitic fungus that infects the skin. The infection is called a mycoses (fungal infection). Dermatophytes cause infections of the skin, hair and nails due to their ability to obtain nutrients from keratinized material.~';
questions[109] ='What is the mode of action of polymixin, a topical antibiotic?~protein synthesis inhibition~peptidoglycan breakdown~cell membrane disruption~increased drug efflux~DNA mutation~C~5~3~Antibiotics can be bacteriocidal (kill the cell) or bacteriostatic (inhibit the cell). Bacteriocidal antibiotics tend to cause irreversible damage to the cell, such as dmage to cell membrane or cell wall.~';
questions[110]='What characteristic would be important to consider when choosing a drug for the treatment of an intracellular pathogen?
~ability of the drug to inhibit protein synthesis~ability of the drug to penetrate cell walls and membranes~ability of the drug to kill extracellular forms of the pathogen~solubility of the drug in water~insolubility of the drug in water~B~5~3~The antibiotic must be able to penetrate the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell (usually a white blood cell) inside which the pathogen (bacteria, cocci) are living and multiplying. Neisseria gonorrhoea (causes the infection gonorrhoea)is an intracellular pathogen, the Gram negative cocci taking refuge inside the neutrophils(phagocytic white blood cells) and evading some of the bodys\' defenses. Penicillin used to be the drug of choice for this infection. One of the actions of penicillin is to weaken the cell wall.~';
questions[111] ='Why is penicillin bactericidal?~it stops protein synthesis~it causes more extensive cross-linking of peptidoglycan~it prevents cell wall formation in new cells leading to osmotic disruption~it penetrates cell walls and membranes, disrupting the pH balance~it causes genetic mutations~C~5~3~Penicillin kills susceptible bacteria by specifically inhibiting the transpeptidase (enzyme) that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.~';
questions[112] ='The antibiotic Tetracycline is not recommended for use in small children. Why?~it interferes with cartilage formation~it can discolour teeth~it can cause aplastic anemia~gastrointestinal disturbances are a common side effect~it causes acne~B~4~3~The action of Tetracycline on the cell is to inhibit cell growth by inhibiting translation. Tetracycline use should be avoided in pregnant or lactating women, and in children with developing teeth because they may result in permanent staining (dark yellow-gray teeth with a darker horizontal band that goes across the top and bottom rows of teeth), and possibly affect the growth of teeth and bones.~';
questions[113] ='Which is the most important function of antibody in host defenses against bacteria?~activation of lysozyme that degrades the cell wall~acceleration of proteolysis of exotoxins~inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis~facilitation of phagocytosis~inhibition of phagocytosis~D~5~3~Opsonization is the complement or antibody mediated adherence of pathogens to phagocytes which then stimulates the process of phagocytosis (engulfment and destruction of foreign or unwanted material).~';
questions[114] ='Which of the following statements about bacterial spores is FALSE?~spores are resistant to boiling~spores are metabolically inactive~spores are formed primarily by organisms of the genus Staphylococcus~spores in bacteria are a survival mechanism~spores are a survival mechanism for some microbes~C~3~3~Staphylococcus is a genus of bacteria which does not produce spores. Bacillus is a genus which does produce spores.~';
questions[115]='Where on, or in, the body is Staphylococcus aureus most often found as part of the normal flora?
~colon~throat~nose~lungs~meninges~C~1~3~Staphylococcus aureus is carried in the nasopharynx of a large percentage of the population.~';
questions[116] ='Which of the following organisms is a common cause of urinary tract in the general population?~ Neisseria gonorrhoeae~ Pseudomonas ~ Escherichia coli~ Staphylococcus aureus~MRSA~C~2~3~ Escherichia coli is part of the normal flora of the bowel. Urinary tract infections in the general population are most commonly of endogenous origin. This means microbes from our own body cause the infections.~';
questions[117] ='Bacteria that cause subacute bacterial endocarditis most likely come from~oropharynx~skin~vagina~colon~bowel~A~3~3~The bacteria are usually from an upper respiratory site such as the throat, oropharynx etc. Small breaks in the capillaries allow these microbes into the vascular system.~';
questions[118] ='Which of the following non-specific defenses is most important for preventing gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella ~gastric acid~salivary enzymes~alpha interferon~complement~sebum~A~2~3~Gastric acid can destroy the Salmonella bacilli. The bacterial load (number of viable microbes) is important. Too many bacteria (high load) and this defense will not be adequate.~';
questions[119]='Your patient is a 14 year old girl with a sore throat associated with stabbing pain. Which of the following organisms is likely to be the cause of this?
~Streptococcus mutans ~Streptococcus agalactiae ~Streptococcus salivarius ~Streptococcus pyogenes ~ Streptococcus pneumoniae~D~3~3~Streptococcus pyogenes cause an inflammatory condition of the throat called Strep throat or streptococcal pharyngitis . It can also be called group A streptococcal infection. ~';
questions[120] ='Which of the following is a likely cause of atypical pneumonia?~ Bacteroides fragilis~ Bordetella pertussis~ Streptococcus pneumoniae~ Mycoplasma pneumoniae~ Staphylococcus aureus~D~3~3~Atypical pneumonia is a term used to describe a form of pneumonia not caused by one of the more traditional microbial pathogens. ~';
questions[121] ='Which of the following organisms is most likely to be the causative agent of pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient?~ Nocardia asteroides~ Aspergillus fumigatus~ Streptococcus pneumoniae~ Staphylococcus aureus~ Mycoplasma pneumoniae~C~3~3~Immunocompromised patients lack some of the normal defense systems of the body.~';
questions[122] ='Which of the following facts about Neisseria gonorrhoeae describes the microscopic morphology.~Gram negative diplococcus~small cream colony on blood agar~causative organism of gonorrhoea~notifiable disease in Australia~needs a microaerophilic atmosphere to grow on artificial media~A~2~3~Morphology is the size shape appearance. Microscopic denotes the object is usually smaller than the human eye can perceive.~';
questions[123] ='Which of the following describes the microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?~Gram positive diplococcus~Gram negative bacillus~Gram negative diplococcus~Gram positive tetrads~Gram negative diplococcus with spores~C~1~3~In the Gram stain, a smear made from colonies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae will show Gram negative diplococci using oil immersion and a magnification of x1000. This microbe does produce spores.~';
questions[124] ='Which of the following bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall?~Mycoplasma pneumoniae ~Chlamydia trachomatis~Klebsiella pneumoniae~Staphylococcus aureus~E.coli~D~2~3~Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis have either no cell wall or very little cellwall. Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli are Gram negative microbes which have very little peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Gram positive microbes have large amounts of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.~';
questions[125] ='Clostridium difficile is a common cause of nosocomial (hospital acquired) infection. Which of the following describes its morphology?~Gram negative spore forming bacillus~Gram positive spore forming bacillus~Gram positive branching bacillus~Gram negative curved bacillus~Gram negative bacillus~B~2~3~You need to know the Gram reaction of some of the common bacteria. A fact to help you eliminate some of the above responses is that Gram negative bacteria never form spores.~';
questions[126] ='Which one of the following diseases is a late complication of pharyngitis with Group A streptococci?~inflammatory bowel disease~impetigo~relapsing fever~gonorrhoea~rheumatic fever~E~4~3~Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease which may develop after a Group A streptococcal infection (such as strep throat or scarlet fever). It can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain and commonly appears in children ages 6 to 15. It is believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity. An unrelated question to consider is - do you know why streptococci, part this MCQ, was written without italics?~';
questions[127] ='Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?~carbohydrate~lipid~nucleic acid~protein~steroid~D~1~3~Thought you might like a non-microbiological question. However, in composing the formula for ingredients to produce different media for growing microbes in a laboratory, the different formulae use various carbohydrates and proteins. Very basic media such as Nutrient Agar, use minimal protein and carbohydrate. The most common enriched medium, blood agar, has a very complex formula.~';
questions[128] ='Which of the following is a structure NOT found in prokaryotic cells?~flagella~ribosomes~cilia~pili~cell wall~C~2~3~No microbes contain cilia. These are structure on the surface of a cell used to move extracellular fluid over their surfaces. ~';
questions[129] ='Which of the following techniques would be best to use for sterilizing heat sensitive solutions?~dry heat~autoclaving~membrane filtration~pasteurization~dessication~C~2~3~If heat (usually above 100 degrees C and often with pressure) is not an option because of denaturation or destruction of the solution, then filtration using the appropriate size filter pore is the best option. A microbe such as Staphyloccus aureau is approx. 1 micron, so the filter would have to have a pore size smaller than this. To filter out viruses, the pore size would have to me a thousand times smaller.~';
questions[130] ='Which concentration of alcohol is the most effective to use for disinfection?~100%~90%~70%~50%~30%~C~4~3~One of the principles of disinfection of equipment to reduce the microbial load is to destroy the DNA of the microbe. In order to do this, the DNA needs to be in solution and it is not soluble in pure alcohol. There needs to be a certain water content with the alcohol for this to take place, without compromising the disinfectant properties of the alcohol. 70% is the best option.~';
questions[131] ='Serological testing, as a mechanism for identifying microbes, is based on the fact that~all bacteria have the same antigens~antibodies react specifically with an antigen~antibodies are made by plasma cells~antibodies cause the formation of antigens~there are only four major groups of antigens in the microbial world~B~3~3~Each microbe has multiple unique and specific antigen components which are detectable using the appropriate unique and specific antibody. ~';
questions[132] ='Which of the following bacteria would you expect to be most resistant to high temperatures?~Bacillus subtilis ~Escherichia coli~Neisseria gonorrhoeae ~Staphylococcus aureus ~ Pseudomonas aeruginosa~A~2~3~Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium which can produce spores. Spores can resist high temperatures, drying and a certain increase in atmospheric pressures.~';
questions[133] ='Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall?~Mycobacterium tuberculosis ~Streptococcus pneumoniae~Klebsiella pneumoniae~E.coli ~Mycoplasma pneumoniae~E~3~3~Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks a cell wall. For this reason, care must be taken in choosing an antibiotic to treat an infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, as some antibiotics effect is damaging the cell wall to destroy the integrity of the bacterial cell.~';
questions[134] ='Which of the following is not used as a criterion for classifying viruses?~morphology~nucleic acid~size~presence or absence of a capsid~biochemical tests~E~1~3~Biochemical tests are usually only performed on living entities. A cell is the basic unit of life. A virus is not a cell because it cannot fulfil all the criteria that we ascribe to being living. It lacks the ability to divide.~';
questions[135]='The microbe shown in the picture is an example of a
~Gram positive coccus~Gram positive bacillus~Gram negative coccus~Gram negative bacillus~yeast~B~1~3~Bacteria which stain purple with the Gram stain are called Gram positive microbes. The shape of this microbe is rod shaped and so we call it a Gram positive bacillus.~';
questions[136] ='Which of the following statements about the microbe shown in the picture is correct?
~This is a Gram negative bacillus~This is a Gram positive coccus~The white structures shown inside the bacillus are flagelli~The white structures shown inside the bacillus are spores~The blue colouration of this bacillus demonstrates that this microbe has small amounts of peptidoglycan in its cell wall~D~3~3~This is a Gram stain of Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium produces spores. A Gram stain will not stain the spores, and so they appear as white areas inside the bacillus.~';
questions[137] ='Which of the following statements about the bacteria in this image is incorrect?
~The bacteria in this image have little or no peptidoglycan in their cell walls~The bacteria in this image are Gram positive~The bacteria in this image show the presence of spores~The bacteria in this image are bacilli~The bacteria in this image could belong to the genus Bacillus~A~5~3~Bacteria that stain Gram positive (purple) demonstrate that they have large amounts of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. That is the basis of the Gram stain which is a differential stain. It is differential because it divides bacteria into gram positive (purple) and gram negative (pink) based on the amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.~';
questions[138] ='Which of the following represents three of the major groups of microbial pathogens which can cause infectious disease?~E. coli, Salmonella spp. and AIDS~Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes~Protozoa, worms and bacteria~Symbionts, commensals and parasites~Viruses, bacteria and fungi~E~2~3~Viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites are the four major groups.~';
questions[139] ='The purpose of a vaccine is to~destroy immune cells that would react to an infection~activate the digestive system to remove harmful microorganisms~alter a microorganism and make it harmless~expose people to a disease they would normally not encounter~trigger the production of specialized white blood cells that can respond quickly to an invading microorganism~E~3~3~Vaccines carry the microbe (antigen) or a portion of the microbe, which, when in the human body, stimulates certain types of white blood cell to produce a specific antibody against that microbe. A memory of that antibody is also available for any future exposure to that specific microbe.~';
questions[140] ='Normal microbial flora is commonly found in the~meninges~blood~lungs~peritoneal cavity~upper respiratory tract~E~1~3~The meninges, blood, lungs (lower respiratory tract) and peritoneal cavity should normall nor contain microbes.~';
questions[141] ='An attenuated microbe with reduced virulence that is used for vaccination is ~one which has been denatured and killed~one which has been killed~one which consists of only a small part of the microbe, such as a protein surface antigen~one which has been genetically recombined and then weakened~one which has been weakened but not killed~E~5~3~Attenuation is a process which removes some of the virulence properties of a microbe, but does not kill the microbe. It weakens the effect of the microbe on the human body. One method of doing this is to subculture the microbe many times on artificial media in a laboratory.~';
questions[142]='Which of the following microbes is likely to be found in water in cooling towers?
~ Neisseria gonorrhoeae~ Candida albicans~ Leptospira pneumophila~ Listeria monocytogenes~Legionella pneumophila ~E~2~3~Sometimes a clue to the infection a microbe causes or to a possible site can be found in the microbe name. In this case, microbes from cooling towers cause an atypical pneumonia. The disease was first isolated from people attending a Legionnaire\'s convention.~';
questions[143] ='Michael is worried about catching influenza. He goes to his doctor who recommends vaccination. Flu vaccination is synonymous with which of the following types of immunity? ~natural active~artificial passive~natural passive~interferon~artificial active~E~3~3~It is artificial because it is introduced into the body by artificial means as opposed to catching the flu by coming in contact with an infected person. The body is required to recognise the pathogen and make antibodies - this makes it active.~';
questions[144] ='Which of the following infections would be characterized as a zoonosis~gonorrhoea~crab lice~shigellosis~hepatitis B~Q fever~E~2~3~A zoonosis is literally an infection passed from an animal to a human. To answer this question you would have needed to be able to define zoonosis and then to know which of the above five options is a microbe which is passed from an animal to man.~';
questions[145] ='A contaminated scalpel transmitting an infection to a human is termed~an inanimate vector~a mechanical vector~a biological vector~an animate vehicle~a fomite~E~2~3~Vectors are living organisms, such as mosquitoes, which transmit disease. A fomite is an example of a vehicle (nonliving material which transmits disease). There are no animate vehicles.~';
questions[146] ='The presence of a bacterial infection in the lungs following a viral respiratory infection is termed~bacteraemia~septicaemia~a superinfection~a primary infection~a secondary infection~E~3~3~The viral infection would classed as the primary (first) infection. The bacterial infections followed(is secondary to) the viral infection.~';
questions[147] ='A microscope that has a total magnification of x1500 when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular objective of what power?~x150~x10~x40~x100~x15~E~2~3~Oil immersion lenses magnify x 100. Therefore the ocular lens must magnify x 15. 100x15=1500 The occular lens is the one closes to the eyes. The oil immersion lens is the one closest to the specimen.~';
questions[148] ='Viruses that persist in the cell and cause recurrent disease are considered~oncogenic~resistant~cytopathic~persistent~latent~E~3~3~An example of a latent virus is the Herpes simplex virus which causes cold sores. This virus has periods of latency where it lies dormant in the nerve ganglia.~';
questions[149] ='A bactericidal agent has which of the following effects?~sterilizes equipment~inhibits bacteria~is toxic to human cells~encourages multiplication of the cell~kills bacteria~E~1~3~cidal means causing death. A bacteriostatic agent would inhibit the growth of a microbe, as opposed to bactericidal which kills the microbe.~';
questions[150] ='This picture shows a Gram stain of a microbe. Which of the following is this microbe most likely to be?
~yeast~bacterium~protozoa~virus~prion~A~2~3~The shape (morphology) of this microbe should give you a clue as to its classification.~';
questions[151] ='Which of the following is most likely to be the Gram stained microbe illustrated in the graphic?
~Candida albicans~ Staphylococcus aureus~ E.coli~ Giardia lamblia~Hepatitis B virus~A~3~3~The shape (morphology) should give you a clue. The colour of the microbe in the Gram stain should also help you exclude another possible option.~';
questions[152] ='Which of the following would you use to treat the microbe shown in the graphic?
~antimycotic agents~antibacterial agents~antiparasitic agents~Penicillin~Tetracycline~A~3~3~Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. Antiparasitics are used to treat parasitic infections. Antifungals are used to treat fungal infections.~';
questions[153]='Pathogenesis refers to the process by which a microorganism causes disease. The two most common forms of bacterial pathogenesis are ~flagella and cilia~production of toxins and damage caused by stimulation of the body\'s defenses~production of intracellular forms which evade defenses~direct and indirect mucous contact~production of oral and parenteral portals of entry~B~4~3~Many bacterial pathogens produce (poisonous) products called toxins which cause direct damage to cells. They also produce indirect damage by stimulating the body\'s defenses. An example of the latter is aggregation of phagocytes in the lungs, impairing breathing and causing pneumonia.~';
questions[154] ='The picture shows a Gram stain of a smear taken from a vaginal swab. Which of the following statements in relation to this Gram stain is INCORRECT?
~The microbe in the Gram stain is Lactobacillus sp.~The total magnification used to see these microbes under oil immersion on a light microscope is x10,000.~The cell in the picture is an epithelial cell.~The microbes have stained purple because of large amounts of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.~The microbes in this picture are Gram positive bacilli.~B~3~3~The total magnification under oil immersion on a light microscope is x1000. x10 for the ocular lens and x100 for the oil immersion. In some cases a x15 ocular lens can be used. ~';
questions[155] ='The picture shows an oxidase positive test reaction which can be used to help distinguish which of the following?
~Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis~ Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.~Pseudomonas and Aeromonas~ Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis~Pseudomonas and E.coli ~E~5~3~Pseudomonas and E.coli are used as the positive and negative control for the Oxidase test. Most biochemical tests need to be validated each time they are used by doing a positive and a negative control before testing unknowns.~';
questions[156] ='The picture shows a/an
~positive Coagulase test~positive Oxidase test~negative Oxidase test~positive Catalase test~negative Catalase test~B~3~3~This positive Oxidase test is used to help differentiate genera, and species within genera. A positive test is indicated by a purple colour.~';
questions[157] ='Which of the following is not a property of an antibacterial agent?~Must have a favourable chemotherapeutic index.~Must be selectively toxic.~Must be effective against viral diseases.~Must have a known concentration over a period of time required to eliminate a pathogen.~Must not build up to toxic levels in the blood~C~3~3~Antibacterial agents (usually antibiotics) are ineffective against viruses.~';
questions[158]='Which of the following microbes/diseases is most likely to be sensitive to Penicillin? ~Staphylococcus aureus~Legionnaires disease~E.coli~MRSA~Syphilis~E~3~3~Syphilis is a bacterial infection, and is one of a small number of microbes which have not developed resistance to Penicillin. Contrast this with MRSA.~';
questions[159]='The image below, of a Gram stain from a vaginal swab, shows
~a white blood cell and Gram positive bacilli, probably Lactobacillus sp.~an epithelial cell and Gram negative bacilli, probably Lactobacillus sp.~a white blood cell and Gram positive bacilli, probably E.coli ~a white blood cell and Gram positive bacilli, probably Streptococcus sp.~an epithelial cell and Gram positive bacilli, probably Lactobacillus sp.~E~5~3~Epithelial cells and Gram positive bacilli of the Lactobacillus sp. are normally found in the vagina.~';
questions[160]='The image below shows a Ziehl Neelsen stain made from a culture on a Lowenstein Jensen agar slope. The microbe is probably
~E.coli ~S.aureus ~S.pyogenes ~Salmonella enteriditis ~Mycobacterium tuberculosis ~E~5~3~Ziehl Neelsen stains are used to help identify the microbe which causes TB.~';
questions[161]='What are the common names of the worm you can see growing inside the egg is the picture below?
~pin worm or thread worm~flat worm or thread worm~round worm or flat worm~round worm or thread worm~flat worm or pin worm~A~4~3~It is quite a small worm. Male is 1-4mm. Female is up to 13mm.~';
questions[162]='What total magnification would you need to use on a light microscope to see the following?
~x10~x20~x100~x400~x1000~D~2~3~You will be using the x40 lens. Multiply this by the ocular lens magnification.~';
questions[163]='The following image shows x100 and x400 magnification microscopy of
~bacteria and fungi~viruses and bacteria~parasites and fungi~parasites only~fungi only~E~3~3~You can exclude some of the options because of the size of the microbe/s.~';
questions[164]='The following image shows a/an
~graduated coagulase test~oxidase dilution test~antibiotic sensitivity test~catalase test~differential test~C~1~3~The paper discs contain antimicrobial agents.~';
questions[165]='The image shows a
~nutrient agar plate~blood agar plate~Saboraud agar plate~Lowenstein Jensen plate~MacConkey agar plate~B~1~3~The colour of an erythrocyte is red.~';
questions[166]='The microbe shown in the picture is
~Penicillium sp.~Microsporum canis ~Trichophyton mentagrophytes ~ Aspergillus niger~ Candida albicans~D~3~3~You can eliminate one of the options, because it is a yeast, not a mould and its microscopic morphology would show budding yeast cells.~';
questions[167]='Needle exchange programs are designed to stop the spread of which of the following serious viral diseases? ~Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV~Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Candidiasis~Hepatitis B, Hepatitis E and HIV~Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Coronavirus~Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C~A~2~3~One incorrect option includes a fungal disease.~';
questions[168]='These cells are involved in phagocytosis.
~lymphocytes~neutrophils~epithelial~monocytes~thrombocytes~B~1~3~Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus.~';
questions[169]='Some microbes need to be grown in an atmosphere where the oxygen has been removed. In the microbiology laboratory we use an anaerobic jar, which removes the oxygen by combining it with hydrogen to make water. Which of the following microbes would need to be grown in an anaerobic jar?
~Clostridium botulinum~E.coli ~S.aureus~ S.pyogenes~Pseudomonas aeruginosa ~A~2~3~The microbe which causes botulism survives inside preserved fruit and vegetable containers from which the air has been removed.~';
questions[170]='If the counterstain in the Gram stain was replaced with a yellow dye, what colour would Gram positive bacilli stain?
~purple/blue~pink~yellow~clear~brown~A~1~3~The counterstain will not affect the colour which Gram positive bacilli normally stain.~';
questions[171]='If the counterstain in the Gram stain was replaced with a yellow dye, what colour would Gram negative bacilli stain?
~purple/blue~pink~clear~yellow~brown~D~2~3~Gram negative bacilli will take on the colour of the counterstain.~';
questions[172]='If the decolourisation step in the Gram stain was omitted, what colour would Gram negative bacilli stain?
~pink~purple/blue~yellow~clear~brown~B~3~3~The crystal violet (the first stain) will be the predominant colour.~';
questions[173]='If the following picture was of a microbiology laboratory which of the following might give rise to a contamination spill or an accident?
~Hair not tied back.~Cupboard doors left open.~Electrical cord to microscope is twisted.~Papers and books spread over bench.~All of the options are correct.~E~1~3~Refer to the safety instructions in your Workbook.~';
questions[174]='Bacteria multiply by binary fission. They produce an exact copy of themselves. The time for this to occur varies amongst microbes. If you start with 1 microbe at time 0, and this particular bacterium doubles every 30 minutes, how many microbes will you have after 81/2 hours?
~17~34~1034~16384~131072~E~1~3~The TB bacillus, Mycobacterium has a generation time (doubling time) of 12-18 hours. If you start with 1 bacterium at time 0, how many would you have of this bacterium after 81/2 hours? E.coli doubles every 20 minutes. Do the maths on this.~';