// copyright mike capstick 
// do not edit this file directly
// load  arrays with a set of questions and  answers
questions=new Array();
 questions[1]='The dartos muscle and cremaster muscle are important in the integrity of the male reproductive system as they: ~regulate the temperature of the testes~are responsible for penile erection~contract to allow ejaculation~provide a site for spermatogenesis~contract to push sperm through the ductus deferens~A~1~4~The cremaster muscle elevates the testes and the dartos muscle causes wrinkling of the scrotum.~';
 questions[2]='Which of the following hormones directly controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotrophins? ~LH~FSH~GnRH~relaxin~hCG~C~1~4~GnRH is gonodatrophin releasing hormone.~';
 questions[3] ='Which of the following glands is responsible for at least 60% of the synthesis of semen?~the seminal vesicles~the prostate gland~the pituitary gland~the bulbourethral glands~the glans penis~A~1~4~Seminal fluid is released from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands.~';
 questions[4] ='Fertilisation normally occurs in the:~ovaries~uterus~vagina~cervix~uterine tube~E~1~4~The egg cell (oocyte) is released from the ovary into the uterine tube where it travels for a few days towards the uterus.~';
 questions[5] ='Which hormone is referred to as the \'ovulation hormone\'?~oestrogen~LH~FSH~progesterone~GnRH~B~2~4~A surge in LH from the anterior pituitary causes ovulation to occur.~';
 questions[6] ='The primary function of the uterus is to:~protect the ovaries~synthesise female hormones~regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles~receive, retain and nourish a blastocyst (fertilised ovum)~produce oocytes~D~1~4~Implantation of the blastocyst occurs in the uterus.~';
 questions[7] ='The mammary glands are located in the female:~breasts~uterus~ovaries~external genitalia~uterine tubes~A~1~4~The mammary glands produce and secrete milk.~';
 questions[8] ='The most superior part of the uterus is the:~body~fundus~cervix~neck~tail~B~1~4~The fundus is the rounded part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes.~';
 questions[9] ='A normal mature sperm cell contains:~2 chromosomes~22 chromosomes~23 chromosomes~44 chromosomes~46 chromosomes~C~1~4~Sperm cells are haploid and therefore contain half as many chromosomes as normal human somatic cells.~';
 questions[10] ='The hormone which is released from trophoblast cells, to maintain the corpus luteum in the ovary is:~oestrogen~progesterone~relaxin~inhibin~hCG~E~1~4~hCG is human chorionic gonadotrophin.~';
 questions[11] ='The trophoblast is mainly responsible for forming the:~allantois~placental tissue~lining of the endometrium~mesoderm~corpus luteum~B~2~4~The placenta is formed from both embryonic and maternal tissues.~';
 questions[12] ='Initially, an implanted embryo obtains its nutrition from the:~nutrient stores in the embryonic cells~amniotic fluid~simple diffusion of nutrients from uterine secretions~digestion of endometrial cells~placental blood supply~D~3~4~As the syncytiotrophoblast digests the endometrium during implantation, the endometrial tissue is used as a nutritional source for the developing embryo.~';
 questions[13]=' Spermiogenesis is: <br /><img src=\'../../at/images/sperm.jpg\' alt=\' \'  /> ~the maturation of sperm cells~the production of sperm through meiosis~the combination of the sperm and egg nuclei~the activation of sperm cells to release testosterone~the production of seminal fluid~A~1~4~Spermiogenesis occurs after spermatogenesis.~';
 questions[14] ='This image shows:<br /><img src=\'../../at/images/fertilisation.gif\' alt=\' \'  /> ~fertilisation of a human egg cell~implantation of a human embryo~ovulation of an oocyte~development of the corpus luteum~capacitation of a human sperm cell~A~1~4~Fertilisation involves a sperm cell penetrating the membrane of an oocyte.~';
 questions[15] ='A female human ovum is similar to a mature male sperm cell in that:~both contain flagella~they are are about the same size~they both contain 23 chromosomes~about the same number of each is produced per month~they are equally motile~C~3~4~Sperm cells and egg cells are haploid cells and the ovum is the largest cell in the human body.~';
 questions[16] ='In the human male:~a vasectomy involves the removal of the testes~spermatogenesis occurs in the ductus deferens~sperm are stored in the prostate gland~the membranous urethra passes through the penis~sperm travel through the epididymis before entering the ductus deferens~E~3~4~Sperm are produced in the testes, stored in the epididymis and then enter the ductus deferens before travelling through the urethra.~';
 questions[17] ='A boy who has not reached puberty, sustains an injury to his anterior piruitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would:~be sterile~not develop secondary sexual characteristics~be impotent (unable to have an erection)~have impaired interstitial cell function~have an enlarged prostate gland~A~5~4~FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes.~';
 questions[18] ='Which of the following is the correct order of phases in an ovarian cycle?~follicular, luteal, ovulatory ~luteal, ovulatory, follicular~ovulatory, luteal, follicular~follicular, ovulatory, luteal~luteal, follicular, ovulatory~D~2~4~In the ovarian cycle, follicles are stimulated to grow prior to ovulation and then the development of the corpus luteum.~';
 questions[19] ='Which of the following hormones directly stimulates estrogen release from the follicles?~LH~GnRH~progesterone~testosterone~relaxin~A~1~4~Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate oogenesis and estrogen release in the ovaries.~';
 questions[20] ='During the ovarian cycle, the corpus luteum secretes which of the following hormones?~estrogens and progesterone~FSH and LH~estrogens and LH~FSH and progesterone~GnRH and estrogens~A~1~4~Steroid hormones are released by the corpus luteum during the ovarian cycle.~';
 questions[21] ='In females, which hormone is produced in small amounts from the ovaries during childhood, to inhibit the release of GnRH?~estrogens~progesterone~inhibin~testosterone~LH~A~4~4~During childhood, the female ovaries grow and continuously release small amounts of estrogens.~';
 questions[22] ='Which phase of the ovarian cycle is always 14 days long?~secretory~follicular~luteal~ovulatory~proliferative~C~2~4~The corpus luteum is viable (in the absence of fertilisation) for 14 days.~';
 questions[23] ='If the beginning of a uterine cycle is the start of the bleeding period, what is the correct order of phases in this cycle?~proliferative, secretory, menstrual~menstrual, secretory, proliferative~secretory, menstrual, proliferative~proliferative, menstrual, secretory~menstrual, proliferative, secretory~E~3~4~The endometrium will initially be shed and then will proliferate (thicken) before becoming rich in secretions.~';
 questions[24] ='The length of a typical female reproductive cycle is:~14 days ~26 days~28 days~30 days~31 days~C~1~4~The ovarian and uterine cycle typically repeat at intervals of 28 days.~';
 questions[25] ='Which ligaments support the uterus laterally? ~uterine ligaments~mesovarium of the broad ligament~uterosacral ligaments~lateral cervical ligaments~round ligaments~B~4~4~The lateral cervical ligaments support the uterus more inferiorly from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis.~';
 questions[26] ='Which of the following statements is FALSE?~The uterine tubes are also known as the oviducts or fallopian tubes.~Uterus is latin for womb.~Fimbriae are fingerlike projections of the uterine tube which drape over the ovary.~The proximal end of each uterine tube expands to form the ampulla.~The ampulla of a uterine tube ends in a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum.~D~3~4~Each uterine tube expands distally as it curves around the ovary, to form the ampulla.~';
 questions[27] ='Normal heart sounds are caused by:~the opening and closing of heart valves~the closure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves~blood entering the ventricles~excitation of the SA node~the friction of blood against the atrial walls~B~1~4~Faulty heart valves cause heart murmurs.~';
 questions[28] ='The SA node is located in the wall of the:~left atrium~right atrium~left ventricle~right ventricle~aorta~B~1~4~The SA node is located just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava.~';
 questions[29] ='Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the:~right atrium~left atrium~right ventricle ~left ventricle~pulmonary trunk~B~1~4~The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the left side of the heart.~';
 questions[30] ='The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the:~coronary sinus~coronary arteries~fossa ovalis~coronary veins~pulmonary trunk~B~1~4~The coronary arteries branch off of the aorta as it ascends, to deliver oxygenated blood to the heart tissues.~';
 questions[31] ='The wall of the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to:~accommodate a greater volume of blood~expand the thoracic cage during diastole~pump blood through a smaller valve~pump blood with greater pressure~transport blood a short distance to the lungs~D~2~4~The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta.~';
 questions[32]='The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates: ~venrticular repolarisation~ventricular depolarisation~atrial depolarisation~atrial repolarisation~depolarisation of both atria and ventricles~C~1~4~The P wave results in contraction of the atria.~';
 questions[33] ='The QRS complex of a normal electrocardiogram represents:~ventricular depolarisation~ventricular repolarisation~atrial repolarisation~atrial depolarisation~depolarisation of both atria and ventricles~A~1~4~The ventricles start to contract after the initiation of the QRS complex.~';
 questions[34]='Which of the following does NOT influence heart rate? ~age~gender~exercise~body temperature~skin colour~E~2~4~Pigmentation has no influence on heart rate.~';
 questions[35] ='The pacemaker of the heart is normally the:~AV node~SA node~purkinje fibres~left atria~left ventricle~B~1~4~The SA node fires an action potential to start the conduction system of the heart.~';
 questions[36] ='If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells:~tetanic contractions might occur which would stop the heart\'s pumping action~contractions would last as long as the refractory period~it would be less than 1-2ms~it would be much longer before cardiac muscle cells could respond to a second stimulation~heart rate would increase 10-fold~A~4~4~The absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells lasts nearly as long as the contraction itself (i.e. about 250 times longer than a skeletal muscle cell\'s absolute refractory period).~';
 questions[37] ='Norepinephrine acts on the heart by:~decreasing heart contractility~causing a decrease in stroke volume~blocking the action of calcium~inhibiting the SA node~causing threshold to be reached more quickly~E~2~4~Norepinephrine increases heart rate and myocardial contractions.~';
 questions[38] ='The foramen ovale:~connects the two atria in the fetal heart~is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close~is part of the fetal aorta~connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta in the fetus~is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum~A~3~4~The foramen ovale usually closes off at birth to separate the two atria.~';
 questions[39] ='Which of the following blood vessels receives blood during right ventricular systole?~vena cava~coronary arteries~aorta~pulmonary veins~pulmonary trunk~E~1~4~The right ventricle contracts during systole to empty blood into the pulmonary circulation.~';
 questions[40] ='Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart?~AV node~purkinje fibres~bundle of His~AV valve~SA node~D~1~4~Valves transport blood between chambers and blood vessels in the heart.~';
 questions[41] ='When viewing a dissected human heart, it is easy to visually distinguish the right and left ventricles from each other by:~locating the base of the heart~finding the papillary muscles~noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls~determining the origin of the auricles~finding the apex of the heart~C~1~4~The left ventricle contains a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle.~';
 questions[42] ='Freshly oxygenated blood is first received by the:~right atrium~left atrium~aorta~right ventricle~left ventricle~B~1~4~Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart to be transported to the lungs.~';
 questions[43] ='The double-walled sac surrounding the human heart is the:~pericardium~perineum~pleura~peritoneum~periheart~A~1~4~Cardi means heart.~';
 questions[44] ='The circumflex artery supplies blood to:~the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle~the arch of the aorta~the myocardium on the lateral right side of the heart~the posterior ventricle walls only~the interventricular septum and the anterior walls of both ventricles~A~4~4~The circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery.~';
 questions[45] ='A myocardial infarction is commonly called:~high blood pressure~a heart attack~a stroke ~an angina attack~a coma~B~3~4~Prolonged coronary blockage can lead to a myocardial infarction. Survival of the attack depends on the extent and location of the damage.~';
 questions[46]='Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. ~The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.~Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate.~The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle.~The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.~Myocardial cells are multinucleated fibres.~A~3~4~The all or none phenomena applies to myocardial cell contraction.~';
 questions[47] ='Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.~The fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart.~Connective tissue in the heart wall aids the conduction of the action potential.~The heart chambers are lined with the endomysium.~The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.~The epicardium in the left ventricle is significantly thicker than in the right ventricle.~D~3~4~The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart wall.~';
 questions[48] ='During the period of ventricular filling:~the pressure in its heart is at its peak~blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles~the atria remain at diastole~blood enters the aorta and pulmonary trunk~the ventricles are in systole.~B~2~4~Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.~';
 questions[49] ='The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?~isovolumetric relaxation~isovolumetric contraction~late ventricular filling~early ventricular filling~atrial contraction~A~3~4~The second heart sound is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves.~';
 questions[50] ='Select the correct statement about cardiac output.~A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume and stroke volume.~Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume.~If a semilunar valve was partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased.~Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.~Cardiac output is equal to heart rate divided by stroke volume.~A~4~4~Cardiac output is equal to heart rate times stroke volume. Stroke volume equals end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume.~';
 questions[51] ='Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?~tunica intima~tunica media~tunica externa~tunica extima~tunic interna~A~1~4~The three tunics of an artery are tunica intima, media and externa.~';
 questions[52] ='Permitting gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of:~capillaries~arteries~veins~arterioles~venules~A~1~4~The capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.~';
 questions[53] ='The circulatory route than runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called the:~hepatic portal circulation~pulmonary circulation~coronary circulation~cerebral circulation~hypophyseal circulation~A~1~4~Hepatic refers to liver.~';
 questions[54] ='The pulse pressure is:~systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure~systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure~systolic pressure times diastolic pressure~systolic pressure plus one third diastolic pressure~systolic pressure plus one third (diastolic pressure plus systolic pressure)~A~2~4~The pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.~';
 questions[55] ='For a person with a systolic pressure of 120mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 75mmHg, mean arterial pressure (MAP) is:~45mmHg~15mmHg~90mmHg~30mmHg~145mmHg~C~2~4~MAP equals diastolic pressure plus (pulse pressure divided by three).The pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.~';
 questions[56] ='Mavis has a systolic pressure of 155mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 95mmHg. Which of the following statements about Mavis is TRUE?~Her MAP is 115mmHg and she would be regarded to be hypertensive.~Her MAP is 60mmHg and she would be regarded to be hypotensive.~Her MAP is 115mmHg and she would be regarded to be hypotensive.~Her MAP is 60mmHg and she would be regarded to be hypertensive.~Mavis has normal blood pressure.~A~3~4~MAP equals diastolic pressure plus (pulse pressure divided by three). Hypertensive individuals have high blood pressure.~';
 questions[57] ='The vasomotor centre is located in the:~heart~medulla oblongata~aorta~pons~hypothalamus~B~1~4~The vasomotor centre and the cardiac control centres are located in the brainstem.~';
 questions[58] ='Cerebral blood flow is regulated by:~skin temperature~ADH~the hypothalamic thermostat~intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms~the respiratory pump~D~3~4~Cerebral blood flow refers to blood flow in the brain which is regulated internally.~';
 questions[59] ='Decreased heart rate would be caused by activation of the:~cardioinhibitory centre~cardioacceleratory centre~vasomotor centre~cardioinhibitory centre and the vasomotor centre~cardioacceleratory centre and the vasomotor centre~A~1~4~The vasomotor centre controls the diameter of blood vessels.~';
 questions[60] ='An increased pressure in the aortic arch will stimulate baroreceptors and result in:~an increased heart rate and cardiac output~an increased force of contraction and cardiac output~an increased heart rate, force of contraction and cardiac output~a decreased heart rate and cardiac output~a decreased force of contraction and cardiac output~D~2~4~The baroreceptor reflex in response to an increased pressure will stimulate the cardioinhibitory centre in the medulla oblongata.~';
 questions[61] ='Which of the following is likely to occur during vigorous exercise?~The skin will be cold and clammy.~Blood flow to the kidneys increases.~Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.~Oxygenated blood will flow through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries.~Capillaries in the muscles will become gorged with blood~E~2~4~Blood flow to the heart, brain, muscles and skin increases during exercise.~';
 questions[62] ='Why are arteries known as resistance vessels?~Their primary function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.~They distribute blood to various parts of the body.~They contain a large amount of elastic tissue in their walls.~They resist viscous blood.~The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.~E~2~4~Resistance to blood flow is controlled by the diameter of blood vessels.~';
 questions[63] ='Which of the following statements about veins is TRUE?~Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.~Up to 35% of the total blood volume is in the venous circulation at any given time.~Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.~Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.~All veins carry deoxygenated blood.~D~3~4~Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.~';
 questions[64] ='Which human artery carries deoxygenated blood?~descending aorta~renal artery~hepatic artery~coronary artery~pulmonary artery~E~1~4~Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.~';
 questions[65] ='Which large human vein enters the right atrium?~pulmonary vein~vena cava~cerebral vein~hepatic portal vein~atrial vein~B~1~4~Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava.~';
 questions[66] ='Resistance to blood flow is greatest in:~arteries~arterioles~venules~veins~the aorta~B~1~4~Arterioles are small arteries which contain a large amount of smooth muscle.~';
 questions[67]='aron von Quacko, a famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous sleeper hold that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand he presses on his opponent\'s neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect? ~subclavian arteries; blood flow to the brain is stopped~carotid chemoreceptors; blood pressure increases~baroreceptors in the carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate~vertebral arteries; blood flow to brain is increased~superior vena cava; stroke volume is decreased~C~4~4~Opponents pass out due to reduced blood flow to the brain.~';
 questions[68] ='In which of the following clinical situations would you expect to observe oedema?~shock (which is accompanied by low blood pressure)~burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)~dehydration (which results in low blood pressure)~hamorrhage(which results in low blood volume and blood pressure)~vomiting (which leads to a decreased plasma volume)~B~4~4~As capillary permeability increases, more fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces.~';
 questions[69] ='A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is:~blood pressure~positive interstitial pressure~blood colloid osmotic pressure~venous pressure~interstitial hydrostatic pressure~A~1~4~Blood pressure is capillary hydrostatic pressure.~';
 questions[70] ='A force that causes the movement of fluid into the capillary is:~blood pressure~negative interstitial pressure~blood colloid osmotic pressure~venous pressure~capillary hydrostatic pressure~C~1~4~Blood pressure is capillary hydrostatic pressure. Osmotic pressure attracts fluid.~';
 questions[71] ='When blood pressure is greater than blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is:~a net movement of fluid out of the capillary~a net movement of fluid into the capillary~no net movement of fluid across the capillary membrane~a reduction in the formation of lymph due to less movement of fluid into the interstitial space~a decrease in the volume of interstitial fluid~A~2~4~Blood pressure is capillary hydrostatic pressure. Osmotic pressure attracts fluid.~';
 questions[72]='John has a blood pressure reading of 110/65mmHg. John\'s pulse pressure is: ~180mmHg~110mmHg~65mmHg~45mmHg~80mmHg~D~2~4~BPulse pressure equals systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.~';
 questions[73] ='The hepatic portal vein is formed from the union of the splenic vein and the:~superior mesenteric vein~inferior mesenteric vein~hepatic vein~renal vein~inferior vena cava~A~2~4~The hepatic portal vein receives blood from the spleen and digestive organs.~';
 questions[74] ='The longest vein in the human body is the:~superior mesenteric vein~superior vena cava~hepatic portal vein~inferior vena cava~great saphenous vein~E~2~4~The great saphenous vein travels superiorly along the medial aspect of the leg to the thigh.~';
 questions[75] ='As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes the:~femoral vein~common iliac vein~peroneal vein~small saphenous vein~great saphenous vein~A~2~4~The popliteal vein emerges from the knee.~';
 questions[76] ='Which of the following would lead to dilation of the precapillary sphincter?~reduced oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary~decreased tissue metabolism~an abundance of oxygen in the interstitial space~decreased carbon dioxide concentration in the capillary bed~increased pH in the capillary bed~A~2~4~Dilation of the capillary sphincter will enable oxygenated blood to enter the tissue.~';
 questions[77] ='Standing from a supine position will immediately have the following effect.~an increase in blood pressure~a reduction in blood pooling in the veins in the lower limbs~a reduced stroke volume and therefore reduced cardiac output~stretching of the carotid and aortic baroreceptors~a reduction in blood pressure due to stimulation of the myocardium~C~2~4~Immediately standing from laying down will cause blood to pool in the lower extremeties reducing venous return.~';
 questions[78] ='Which of the following veins is often used as a site for venopuncture (taking blood)~brachial vein~basilic vein~radial vein~median cubital vein~ulnar vein~D~3~4~The median cubital vein connects the basilic and cephalic veins and is a superficial vein.~';
 questions[79] ='The internal iliac arteries supply blood to the:~diaphragm~urinary bladder and rectum~lower leg~spleen~myocardium~B~1~4~The iliac arteries run into the pelvis.~';
 questions[80] ='A thrombus in the second branch off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the:~left side of the head and neck~myocardium of the heart~right side of the head and neck and right upper extremity~left upper extremity~lungs~A~3~4~The second branch off of the aortic arch is the left common carotid artery.~';
 questions[81] ='The thirdbranch off of the aortic arch is the:~left common carotid artery~right common carotid artery~brachiocephalic trunk~left subclavian artery~right subclavian artery~D~3~4~The brachiocephalic trunk branches into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.~';
 questions[82] ='The brachiocephalic trunk branches into the:~descending aorta and coronary arteries~left common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery~right common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery~left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery~right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery~E~2~4~The brachiocephalic trunk is the first main branch off of the aortic arch.~';
 questions[83] ='Emilio is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. He is informed that the infection is located in:~his coronary arteries~the outer muscular lining of his heart~the thick muscular layer of his heart~a membranous sac that encloses his heart~the innermost lining of his heart~E~2~4~The endocardium is the lining of the heart.~';
 questions[84] ='The major blood vessels enter and exit which part of the heart?~apex~auricles~trigone~pericardial sac~base~E~1~4~The base of the heart is located superiorly.~';
 questions[85] ='The AV valve that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the:~mitral valve~right AV valve~tricuspid valve~pulmonary valve~aortic valve~A~2~4~The aorta originates from the left side of the heart.~';
 questions[86] ='Which of the following sequences is correct for the flow of blood through the right side of the heart?~vena cava, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve~vena cava, right atria, mitral valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve~pulmonary vein, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, aortic valve~vena cava, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, aortic valve~pulmonary vein, right atria, mitral valve, right ventricle, aortic valve~A~1~4~Deoxygenated blood moves through the right side of the heart to the lungs.~';
 questions[87] ='Which of the following sequences is correct for the flow of blood through the left side of the heart?~vena cava, left atria, tricuspid valve, leftventricle, pulmonary valve~vena cava, left atria, mitral valve, left ventricle, pulmonary valve~pulmonary vein, left atria, tricuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve~vena cava, left atria, tricuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve~pulmonary vein, left atria, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve~E~1~4~Oxygenated blood moves through the left side of the heart and then to the body tissues.~';
 questions[88] ='The part of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the:~right ventricle~left ventricle~right atrium~left atrium~coronary sinus~B~1~4~The left ventricle pumps blood to the body tissues.~';
 questions[89] ='Which of the following will increase heart rate?~a rise in pH~resting in the supine position~an increase in the level of oxygen in the blood~an increase in blood pressure~an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood~E~3~4~Carbon dioxide is a waste product that needs to be returned to the heart and lungs to be exhaled.~';
 questions[90] ='Which of the following will most likely decrease heart rate?~a drop in pH~resting in the supine position~a decrease in the level of oxygen in the blood~a decrease in blood pressure~an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood~B~2~4~At rest, in the supine position, the load on the heart is reduced.~';
 questions[91] ='Baroreceptors:~are stimulated by blood osmolarity~detect changes in blood pH~respond to stretch~respond to changes in blood gas concentrations~are activated by irritants in the blood~C~1~4~Baroreceptors are stimulated by increased blood pressure.~';
 questions[92] ='An increase in arterial blood pressure will result in:~activation of the CAC and CIC in the brainstem~inhibition of the CAC and vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata~activation of the CIC and vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata~activation of the vasomotor centre, CAC and CIC in the brainstem~inhibition of the CIC in the medulla oblongata~B~2~4~An increase in blood pressure will stimulate a baroreceptor reflex resulting in a decreased heart rate and vasodilation.~';
 questions[93] ='An ECG provides information about:~cardiac output~the movement of the excitation wave across the heart~the funciton of heart valves~the level of vasoconstriction in the systemic circulation~the coronary circulation~B~1~4~An electrocardiogram measure electrical activity in the heart.~';
 questions[94] ='In the human body, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between tissue cells and:~arteries~arterioles~veins~venules~capillaries~E~1~4~Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the human body.~';
 questions[95] ='How many cusps are found in the right AV valve of the human heart?~none~one~two~three~four~D~1~4~The right AV valve is the tricuspid valve.~';
 questions[96] ='Surfactant:~protects the surface of the lungs~destroys microbes by phagocytosis~replaces mucus in the alveoli~helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing~is not found in helathy lung tissue~D~1~4~Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli.~';
 questions[97] ='The openings to the nostrils are the:~external nares~internal nares~vestibules~palates~turbinates~A~1~4~The internal nares are located close to the nasopharynx.~';
 questions[98] ='The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the:~nasopharynx~laryngopharynx~vestibule~internal pharynx~oropharynx~E~1~4~The oropharynx leads to the larynx and the oesophagus.~';
 questions[99] ='The hard palate separates the:~nasal cavity from the larynx~left and right sides of the nasal cavity ~nasal cavity and the oral cavity~external nares from the internal nares~soft palate from the nasal cavity~C~1~4~The hard palate forms the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose.~';
 questions[100] ='The vocal cords are located in the:~larynx~nasal cavity ~oropharynx~trachea~nasopharynx~A~1~4~The vocal cords are located just superior to the trachea.~';
 questions[101] ='The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the:~thyroid cartilage~cricoid cartilage~epiglottic cartilage~cuneiform cartilage~corniculate cartilage~C~1~4~The epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea.~';
 questions[102] ='The cartilage that makes up most of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx is the:~thyroid cartilage~cricoid cartilage~epiglottic cartilage~cuneiform cartilage~corniculate cartilage~A~1~4~This cartilage is in close association with the thyroid glands and, in males, forms the \'Adam\'s apple\'.~';
 questions[103] ='The cartilage that serves as a the base of the larynx is the:~thyroid cartilage~cricoid cartilage~epiglottic cartilage~cuneiform cartilage~corniculate cartilage~B~1~4~This cartilage is ring-shaped and anchored to the trachea inferiorly.~';
 questions[104] ='The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the:~pharynx~trachea~bronchiole~laryngeal duct~oesophagus~B~1~4~This airway is also referred to as the windpipe and is anterior to the oesophagus.~';
 questions[105] ='Secondary bronchi normally supply air to the:~alveoli~alveolar ducts~primary bronchi~lobes of the lungs~lobules of the lungs~D~1~4~The number of secondary bronchi is equal to the number of lobes in the lungs.~';
 questions[106] ='The respiratory membrane consists mainly of:~pseudostratified columnated epithelium~moist cuboidal epithelium~surfactant cells~ciliated squamous epithelium~simple squamous epithelium~E~1~4~The diffusion of gases occurs across the thin respiratory membrane.~';
 questions[107] ='The actual sites of gas exchange in the lungs are:~alveoli~bronchioles~alveolar ducts~pleural spaces~terminal sacs~A~1~4~The respiratory membrane exists between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.~';
 questions[108] ='Gas volume is:~directly proportional to pressure~indirectly proportional to temperature~directly proportional to temperature~indirectly proportional to pressure~directly proportional to pressure and temperature~E~2~4~If the volume of gas in a closed space increases, so does temperature and pressure.~';
 questions[109] ='Forced expiratory movements of the lungs are produced by contraction of:~external intercostals~internal intercostals~scalenes~the diaphragm~serratus anterior~B~1~4~External intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract during passive inspiration.~';
 questions[110] ='When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract:~the volume of the thorax increases~the volume of the thorax decreases~the volume of the lungs stays the same~the lungs collapse~expiration occurs~A~1~4~The diaphragm and the external intercostals are the muscles of inspiration.~';
 questions[111] ='The function of pulmonary ventilation is to:~remove carbon dioxide from the blood~supply oxygen to the blood~maintain an adequate alveolar ventilation~rmove air from dead air space~prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles~C~1~4~Pulmonary ventilation ensures that air is exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli.~';
 questions[112] ='Pulmonary ventilation refers to the:~utilisation of oxygen by the body~movement of air into and out of the lungs~movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space~movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the tissue cells~movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood~B~1~4~Pulmonary ventilation is inspiration and expiration.~';
 questions[113] ='The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is:~pulmonary ventilation~cellular respiration~breathing~external respiration~internal respiration~E~1~4~External respiration is the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and alveoli.~';
 questions[114] ='The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and alveoli is:~pulmonary ventilation~cellular respiration~breathing~external respiration~internal respiration~D~1~4~Internal respiration is the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids.~';
 questions[115] ='Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is:~dissolved in plasma~bound to haemoglobin~in an ionic form in the plasma~bound to carbon dioxide~carried by white blood cells~B~1~4~99.5% of oxygen is carried in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.~';
 questions[116] ='Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood is transported as:~solute dissolved in plasma~carbaminohaemoglobin~bicarbonate ions~solute dissolved in red blood cells~carbonic acid~C~1~4~70% of the carbon dioxide is carried in an ionic form in the blood plasma.~';
 questions[117] ='The most important chemical regulator of respiration is:~oxygen~carbon dioxide~bicarbonate ion~sodium ion~haemoglobin~B~2~4~Chemoreceptors are more sensitive to carbon dioxide than oxygen.~';
 questions[118] ='A 10% increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will:~decrease vital capacity~decrease pulmonary ventilation~decrease alveolar ventilation rate~increase the rate of breathing~have no effect on respiration~D~2~4~An increase in carbon dioxide stimulates chemoreceptors which stimulate the respiratory centres.~';
 questions[119] ='Gina inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales until she cannot exhale any more. The amount of air that Gina has expelled is her:~vital capacity~tidal volume~expiratory reserve volume~residual volume~total lung capacity~A~2~4~Vital capacity is tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.~';
 questions[120] ='Gerard has a tidal volume of 600ml, an inspiratory reserve volume of 2600ml, a residual volume of 1100ml and an expiratory reserve volume of 1600ml. What is Gerard\'s vital capacity?~4200ml~2200ml~4800ml~5900ml~5300ml~C~1~4~Vital capacity is tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.~';
 questions[121] ='Carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen in water. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide you would need to:~increase the temperature of oxygen~decrease the alveolar ventilation rate~decrease the partial pressure of oxygen~increase the partial pressure of oxygen~increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs~D~2~4~The more gas in a mixture, the higher its partial pressure.~';
 questions[122] ='The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the right if:~temperature and pH increase~carbon dioxide and pH increase~pH and temperature decrease~carbon dioxide and temperature decrease~carbon dioxide increases and pH decreases~E~3~4~Active tissues require more oxygen, therefore the oxyhaemoglobin curve shifts to the right.~';
 questions[123] ='Which of the following refers to the amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration?~residual volume~inspiratory capacity~functional residual capacity~inspiratory reserve volume ~expiratory reserve volume~C~2~4~After a normal expiration, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume remain in the lungs.~';
 questions[124] ='Which of the following refers to the volume of air which enables gas exchange to occur continuously?~residual volume~inspiratory capacity~functional residual capacity~inspiratory reserve volume ~expiratory reserve volume~A~1~4~Residual volume remains in the lungs.~';
 questions[125] ='Which of the following cannot be directly measured using spirometry?~vital capacity~inspiratory capacity~tidal volume~residual volume ~peak expiratory flow~D~1~4~Residual volume remains in the lungs.~';
 questions[126] ='If ventilation of the lungs is impaired but perfusion of the lungs is not, then:~lung efficiency is improved~there is no effect on respiration in the body~cellular respiration improves~hypoxemia results~peak expiratory flow is increased~D~2~4~Less oxygen will enter the lungs and therefore the  oxygen levels in the pulmonary blood decrease.~';
 questions[127] ='Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs by:~simple diffusion~active transport~filtration~osmosis~facilitated diffusion~A~1~4~Oxygen and carbon dioxide are small molecules and the respiratory membrane is very thin.~';
 questions[128]='Which of the following is a pollutant occurring in cigarette smoke that interferes with the ability of the blood to transport oxygen? ~nicotine~carbon dioxide~carbon monoxide~asbestos~hydrogen cyanide~C~2~4~Hameoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than for oxygen.~';
 questions[129] ='Central chemoreceptors are found in the:~medulla oblongata~pons~aortic and carotid bodies~cerebral cortex~spinal cord~A~1~4~The respiratory centres are located in the medulla oblongata and the pons.~';
 questions[130] ='Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?~pneumotaxic centre - inhibits inspiration~apneustic centre - stimulates inspiration~stretch receptors in lungs - inhibit expiration~inspiratory centre - inhibits expiratory centre~apneustic centre - inhibits pneumotaxic centre~C~2~4~The stretch reflex in the lungs stimulates expiration.~';