Applied carving~a background which is worked separately and then applied, rather than being worked in place Bead~a semicircular piece of moulding Bench dog or Bench stop~a peg standing proud of the bench surface Bolster~a shoulder Blind~a term used to describe joinery whose mating surfaces do not protrude through the face or end grain of the pieces being joined Burl~a knotty growth from a tree with a convoluted, complex grain Cannel, channel~the concavity of a gouge blade Card scraper~a flat blade with a burred edge used for smoothing Chatoyance~the effect seen in dramatic wood grain direction changes as seen in flame figured maple Chip carving~ an incised surface decoration, usually geometric Chops~a type of vise Close grain~wood with very fine fibers of cells that are not visibly porous Conversion~the reduction of a whole log into pieces suitable for working Crook~longitudinal bending to one side, caused by uneven seasoning or grain Crotch~the section of a tree where a branch divides from the trunk, or the trunk divides in two Crossgrain~working perpendicular to the grain Crosscut~a cut made perpendicular to the grain Crown of thorns~a system of self-supporting and interlocking pieces Cup~transverse bending, convex or concave, usually predictable, considering grain orientation Dado~a slot made across the grain Drill~the process of making holes in a material or a tool for drilling holes End grain~the grain at the end of a piece of wood which is perpendicular to the surface Face~the wood that is to be visible in the finished item Fence~a flat and straight length, usually wood, steel or aluminium, which prevents the work from sliding Fiber~the fine tube-like structure of wood which is hollow and determines the grain direction Figure~naturally occurring decorative patterns in wood, caused by either growth increments or tissue orientation Firmer~a chisel bevelled on both sides instead of only one Fishtail chisel~a chisel with a splayed end Flat gouge~a gouge with minimal curvature, used for finishing and smoothing Flitch~a board in which the round of the trunk is still visible, a rough cut board Flute~a deep channel cut in wood Foxing~a yellow-brown discoloration of wood due to fungal infection Fret saw~a saw with a very fine toothed blade used for delicate cuts in thin material Frosting~regular indented patterns created with a special punch called a froster Grain~the longitudinal fibers in wood Gouge~a chisel like tool with a curved cutting edge Green wood~unseasoned wood Grit~the grade of particles in sandpaper or sharpening stones which determines the aggressiveness of the cut Hardwood~wood from an angiosperm tree, ie a tree in the division Magnoliophyta Heart shake~a shake radiating out from the heartwood Heel~the corner of a chisel, knife, or gouge bevel which meets the back of the blade and polishes the cut Hold down or hold fast~a hold-down iron, fitting into a hole in a bench, tightened or loosened by hammer taps Hollow grinding~a concave bevel on a chisel, gouge, or knife Incannel~the concave surface of a gouge Interlocked grain~grain which has multiple longitudinal directions in alternating layers Jig saw~a power tool that can form circular cuts by moving the work piece past a blade rapidly moving up and down Kerf~the gap left when material is removed by a saw, the width of the kerf is equal to the set of the saw Knot~caused by a dead branch that was not fully integrated into the tree before it was cut down Lead~the tendency for wood that is being cut to direct the saw parallel to its grain Mortise or Mortice~a cavity or hole (generally rectangular) in a piece of wood, meant to receive a tenon or a hinge Mitre~a joint made by fastening together pieces with the ends cut at an angle Mitre box~a box used for making mitre joints by having slots to guide a saw at the desired angle for the joint Outcannel~the convex surface of a gouge Plane~the process of removing material in thin shavings in order to make it flat Plane iron~cutting part of a hand plane Planer~or thicknesser a machine which reduces the thickness of boards Quarter-sawn~describes a plank with growth rings perpendicular to the wider face Rail~Horizontal member of a frame on a door, window or panel Rasp~a long and flat steel tool with raised teeth for shaping wood Reed~a series of beads in a row Relief cut~short straight cuts made at right angles to a curved layout Riffler~a paddle-shaped rasp Rift sawn~similar to quarter-sawn Ring shake~a shake occurring between annual rings Rip~a cut made parallel to the grain Saw rasp~a rasp with saw teeth Scorp~a drawknife with a curved, sometimes completely circular blade, often used for hollowing out objects such as bowls Scratch awl~a sharp-pointed hand tool used to more precisely mark wood for cutting Scroll saw~a motorized fretsaw Seasoning~reducing the moisture content of wood before working to prevent cracking or splitting due to drying Shake~a crack or split in wood, caused by damage or drying Shoot~planing an edge straight or square Slab-cut~describes a plank with growth rings roughly parallel to the wider face Slick~a giant chisel used in framing and traditional building construction Slip~a shaped stone used for sharpening non-flat blades such as gouges Snib~a wooden toggle used to hold the work on a table Softwood~wood from a gymnosperm tree, ie trees in the divisions Pinophyta and Ginkgophyta Spalting~a change in the texture, strength and color of wood caused by colonies of fungus growing within the dead wood Split~to longitudinally separate wood along grain layers Sticking~a moulding that is part of a larger piece of wood such as a frame (as opposed to being applied) Stile~vertical member of a frame on a door, window or panel Stringer~a timber that supports the treads and rises in a staircase Sweep~the curvature of a gouge, ranging from almost flat to deep or quick Tear out~broken or torn fibres resulting from damage as the blade of a tool exits the cut Tenon~is a projection on the end of a piece of wood for insertion into a mortise Tread~the part that is stepped on in stairs Twist~the longitudinal twisting of wood due to uneven seasoning or grain Undercutting~cutting away from an edge to increase the sense of relief or thinness Veiner~a small deep gouge Veneer~a very thin slice of wood used for inlay or to cover surfaces Veneer saw~specialty tool for trimming veneer Wane~an edge of a sawn board where the bark or surface of the trunk remains Warp~distorted lumber, such as a twist, cup or a bow Wasting~quickly removing wood during carving, usually with an adze, knife, or rasp Waste~wood that will be removed in the finished work, often retained during working as a handle